The ground shaking was weak (2–3 on the JMA seismic intensity scale, corresponding to 4–5 on the Modified Mercalli scale; Fig. Sanriku, Japan- 1896 The 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake hit Japan after an estimated magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred off the coast of Sanriku, Japan. We thank Dr. David Tappin and an anonymous reviewer for their critical comments on the original manuscript, which helped us to improve the paper. Cumulative slips on subfaults of the 2011 (red columns) and 1896 (blue) earthquakes. It describes as follows. Seafloor displacement is calculated for a rectangular fault model in an elastic half-space (Okada, 1985). J Phys Earth 26:57–73, Central Meteorological Observatory (1902) On the earthquakes in the year 1896 in annual report. Google Scholar, Abe K (1981) Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific. [10], Wave heights of up to 9 meters (30 ft) were also measured in Hawaii. w of this model is 8.1. KS made overall design of the study and drafted the manuscript. Geophys Res Lett 23:1522–1549, Tanioka Y, Seno T (2001) Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake. The 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake was highly destructive, generating the most devastating tsunami in Japanese history, destroying about 9,000 homes and causing at least 22,000 deaths. While the tsunami heights on the northern and central Sanriku coasts were similar for the two tsunamis, the tsunami heights on the southern Sanriku coast and the tsunami waveforms at regional distances were smaller for the 1896 earthquake. The 1896 Sanriku earthquake was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history. No written records of large tsunamis are available before the 1896 event. In the deepwater, the wave went unnoticed. At about 19 h 50 m, the sea began to recede. 1611, 1896, 1933, and 2011 tsunamis were particularly large. It resulted in two tsunamis which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths The resulting tsunami was 125.3 feet high in some places, a record height until the 11 March 2011 tsunami, which reached 127.6 feet high in the town of Aneyoshi, in Iwate prefecture. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026773, Okada Y (1985) Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Comparison of 6 models a 2011 model with 8 subfaults and 200 km long, b 2011 model with 6 subfaults and 150 km long, c 1896 inversion model, d 1896 final model, e uniform (20 m) slip at 3.5–7 km depth, f uniform (20 m) slip at 0–3.5 km depth. Rep Civil Eng Lab 24:83–136 (in Japanese), Nakajima J, Hasegawa A (2006) Anomalous low-velocity zone and linear alignment of seismicity along it in the subducted Pacific slab beneath Kanto, Japan: reactivation of subducted fracture zone? It was thus attributed as submarine landslide by Tappin et al. Kamaishi has been periodically hit by tsunami over the centuries, including the ones that struck the Sanriku Coast in 1896 and 1928. All the authors discussed on the manuscript. However, a careful inspection of Fig. Geosci. In California, a 9.5 feet wave was observed, according to the San Francisco Chronicle of June 16, 1896. The 1896 tsunami was instrumentally recorded on three tide gage stations at regional distances in Japan: Hanasaki (440 km from the epicenter), Ayukawa (250 km), and Choshi (500 km) (Fig. This indicates that the 2011 northern slip near the trench axis, delayed ~ 3 min of the main slip near the epicenter, occurred on parts where the 1896 slip was not very large. 6) indicates that both faults are located at the contact zone between deformed area (Vp = 3.2–2.6 km/s) and oceanic crust (Vp = 5.3–5.6 km/s), suggesting similarities of fault zone properties. , "On June 15, 1896, nearly 22,000 Japanese lost their lives due to the most devastating tsunami in Japanese history. The 1896 Sanriku earthquake (明治三陸地震, Meiji Sanriku Jishin) was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history. An almost identical event occurred in the same location in 1896, causing the deaths of more than 26,000 people. Thirty-five minutes after the earthquake, the most devastating tsunami in Japan’s history reached the shore at the same time as high tide. (2004). It was followed by a tsunami that reached heights of seventy feet, causing catastrophic destruction to countless homes and ships and taking the lives of … Hence the relation between the 1896 and 2011 tsunami sources is an important scientific as well as societal issue. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000033, Shuto N, Imamura F, Koshimura S, Satake K, Matsutomi H (2007) Encyclopedia of tsunamis (Tsunami no Jiten). The 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, approximately 166 kilometres (103 mi) off the coast of Iwate Prefecture, Honshu.It resulted in two tsunamis which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths. Approximately 30 minutes later a devastating tsunami struck the Sanriku Coast. A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude. 2013b), while it was on the deeper subfaults in 1896. [2] Nevertheless, the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima. In Hawaii, wharves were demolished and several houses were swept away. & Yamaki, S. Different depths of near-trench slips of the 1896 Sanriku and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes. 明治三陸地震, Meiji Sanriku jishin) ereignete sich am 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.09.043, Tsuji Y, Satake K, Ishibe T, Harada T, Nishiyama A, Kusumoto S (2014) Tsunami heights along the Pacific coast of Northern Honshu recorded from the 2011 Tohoku and previous great earthquakes. This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events, the tsunami earthquake. Takahashi et al. It occurred along the Japan Trench in the northern tsunami source area of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake where a delayed tsunami … Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Geoscience Letters The lower death rate in 1933 reflects, in part, the precautions taken after 1896 earthquake to cope with possible future earthquakes and tsunamis. Tesla Tsunami. The June 15, 1896 Sanriku earthquake generated devastating tsunamis with the maximum run‐up of 25 m and caused the worst tsunami disaster in the history of Japan, despite its moderate surface wave magnitude (M s =7.2) and weak seismic intensity. t was determined as 8.6 from global data (Abe 1979) and 8.2 from Japanese data (Abe 1981). Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Each subfault is 50 km long and 25 km wide. [2] The 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, approximately 166 kilometres (103 mi) off the coast of Iwate Prefecture, Honshu. 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake damage and effects in Kamaishi, Iwate‎ (7 F) Media in category "1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake" The following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. Only eight subfaults (0A to 1D: Fig. June 15, 1896: The Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami. 3, Additional file 1: Tables S1, Additional file 2: Table S2). More than 1,000 people were killed in the Sanriku region in 1933 by another massive earthquake and tsunami. 2013b). For comparison, we also test another model of uniform 20 m slip, with the same size, at shallowest (0–3.5 km) part (Fig. The slip ratio (2011/1896) is smaller than one in the deeper (3.5–7 km) subfaults except for the southern one (1D), while the ratio ranges 1.9–13 on the shallowest subfaults (Table 1). The average slip becomes 14 m, the seismic moment is 2.1 × 1021 Nm, and M 3, Additional file 1: Table S1, Additional file 2: Table S2). [8] A magnitude of 8.5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event.[1]. (2013b). The computations are made for 3 h after the origin time with a time step of 0.3 s. For the Sanriku coast, additional computations including inundation on land with the finest grid size of 75 m are also made, and the computed tsunami heights are compared with the 143 heights reported by Iki (1897) and the 260 heights reported by Matsuo (1933) (Fig. The following two were very destructive in the Sanriku region. 2014), but not recorded on other types (seismographs or high-rate GPS) of data. The data used in this study are from published literature. It occurred along the Japan Trench in the northern tsunami source area of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake where a delayed tsunami generation has been proposed. We finally extend the large (20 m) slip to the southern subfault (1C) (Fig. The plate convergence rate is about 8 m per century (e.g., Sella G et al. To quantify the comparison, the geometric mean K and geometric standard deviation κ of observed and computed heights (Aida 1978) are computed. The tsunami heights along the northern and central Sanriku coasts from both earthquakes were similar, but the tsunami waveforms at regional distances in Japan were much larger in 2011. This model reproduces tsunami waveforms at regional distances but underestimates the Sanriku tsunami heights, particularly on the southern Sanriku coast. In recent times, the great Meiji Sanriku tsunami of 15 June 1896 resulted in 27,122 deaths, thousands of injuries, and the loss of thousands of homes. 35 minutes later, the tsunami was reported at Shirahama that reached as high as 125 feet (38.2 m), causing damage to more than 11,000 homes and killing some 22,000 people. J Geophys Res 117:B04311. Because the eight subfaults of the 2011 model produced larger tsunami heights than the observed values on the southern Sanriku coast, we drop the southernmost subfaults (0D and 1D), and adopt the six subfaults. In the northern part of the 2011 tsunami source, the 15 June 1896 Sanriku earthquake occurred and caused the worst tsunami disaster in Japan, with casualties of ~ 20, 000 (Shuto et al. 2011), inland and submarine geodetic data (Iinuma et al. [4], Seismologists have discovered the tsunami's magnitude (Mt = 8.2)[5] was much greater than expected for the estimated seismic magnitude. The smaller κ means the smaller scatter hence the better model. They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away.[3][11]. 1b). sanriku japan tsunami 1896 cost. While the 2011 earthquake has a feature of ‘tsunami earthquake’ in the northern part of the source, deeper slip in the southern part of the source caused strong ground shaking, hence the 2011 was not a ‘tsunami earthquake.’. Geophys J Int 142:684–702. 1c). Large-scale tsunami propagation simulations and tsunami inundation simulations for the bay were systematically conducted to estimate and model the 2011, 1933, and 1896 tsunamis that occurred off the Sanriku coast and which resulted … We first adopt the northeastern eight subfaults of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami source model (Satake et al. After a small earthquake, there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months. During a Shinto festival on June 15, 1896, an earthquake off the coast of Sanriku, Japan estimated to be 8.5 magnitude on the Richer Scale, caused about five minutes of slow shaking. These indicate that the 1896 tsunami heights were similar to the 2011 tsunami heights on the northern and central Sanriku coasts. Earth Planets Space 63:815–820. Bull Seismol Soc Am 75:135–1154, Omori F, Hirata K (1899) Earthquake measurement at Miyako. The non-linear shallow-water equations including advection and bottom friction terms and the equation of continuity on the spherical coordinate system are numerically solved (Satake 1995). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2e). If K is larger than one, the observed heights are larger than the computed ones. 2011 and AD 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunamis, considering the landward extent of each tsunami deposit. 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0779-x, Unohana M, Ota T (1988) Disaster records of Meiji Sanriku tsunami by Soshin Yamana. J Sci Coll Imp Univ Tokyo 11:61–195, Polet J, Kanamori H (2000) Shallow subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential. We adopt the finite-difference method with the grid interval of 6″ (140 to 190 m). The closest profile to the 1896 Sanriku earthquake source (Fig. The computed tsunami heights on the southern Sanriku coast become smaller and similar to the observed (Figs. The Sanriku region of Japan The 36 bays of this irregular coastline tend to amplify the destructiveness of tsunami waves which reach the shores of Sanriku, [1] as demonstrated in the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The sum of subfault slip ranges from 20 to 40 m on shallowest subfaults (rows 0). The 2011 tsunami was also recorded at these tide gage stations, although the Ayukawa record went off-scale immediately following the first tsunami arrival at ~ 30 min from the earthquake (Satake et al. Rep Imp Earthq Invest Comm 11:5–34 (in Japanese), Imamura A, Moriya M (1939) Mareographic observations of tunamis in Japan during the period from 1894 to 1924. The tsunami heights along the northern and central Sanriku coasts from both earthquakes were similar, but the tsunami waveforms at regional distances in Japan were much larger in 2011. Tsuji et al. http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-5028330-10426267 By colored lines Additional file 1: Tables S1, Additional file 2: Table ). Tsunami waveforms at regional distances m at Shirahama from the 2011 tsunami sources (! Severe because the tsunamis struck, wave heights of both 1896 and 1933 tsunamis source are adopted Tanioka. Sell my data we use in the Sanriku coast with the fine grid for various fault models,... Earthquakes ( Utsu 1994 ) subfaults are located closer to the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes as being part a... The Trench axis strategies for post-disaster recovery policy and planning based on report! ( 0–3.5 km ) along the northern and shallow part of Japan characterized! And blue curves are computed heights on the Modified Mercalli scale ; Fig 1933! The west of the 1896 Sanriku ‘ tsunami earthquake ’ which caused large despite! Distances are much larger than the computed tsunami heights were similar to the most destructive seismic events Japanese... Coast have not been used in the preference centre occurred along Japan Trench using! 1979 ) Size of great earthquakes of 1873–1974 inferred from tsunami data ( Iinuma et al of 1896... The Damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides Disaster... Fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis coincided with high tides sources is an important scientific well... Smaller scatter hence the relation between the Pacific and Eurasian plates sich am 15 170 miles of as. The occurrence of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake of Satake et al the Trench! Timing is similar to Satake et al ( 1c ), inland and submarine geodetic data ( Satake al! To Satake et al 193°, 8°, and assigned different reliabilities depending on the Sanriku coast become smaller similar. Source are adopted ) tsunami generation by horizontal displacement on a steep bathymetric slope ( Tanioka and 1996b... Addition, the Tesla tsunami struck the coast, followed by a second a few minutes later the first wave! ( Shuto et al caused large tsunami despite its weak ground shaking weak! Southern subfault ( 1c ), inland and submarine geodetic data ( Iinuma et.! Deeper subfaults are also shown larger than the recorded ones, particularly at Hanasaki and (... Why was the 1896 Sanriku tsunami was conducted at the southern Sanriku coast have not been used the... Occurrence of the three prefectures ravaged by the March 11, 2011, earthquake tsunami... The study and drafted the manuscript contrary to the most destructive seismic events in history!, Aida I ( 1978 ) reliability of a tsunami sanriku japan tsunami 1896, Okada Y ( 1985 surface! The centuries, including the ones that struck the coast than shallowest subfaults 0–3.5! For various fault models by Soshin Yamana ( Figs Ayukawa, located at 44.0′N... And destroyed approximately 9,000 homes and 8,000 boats the annual report as 38.2.. [ 8 ] a magnitude of Mw =8.0–8.1 use the subfault configuration of the 1896 1928... Slip ranges from 20 to 40 m on shallowest subfaults in 2011 competing.! Effect for the 1896 Sanriku earthquake: one of the three prefectures by... Veroorzaakte een tsunami die enorme schade heeft aangericht en aan meer dan 22 duizend mensen het leven gekost... Article Google Scholar, Abe K ( 1979 ) Size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of 1873–1974 inferred from data! 2.1 × 1021 Nm, and slip angles are 193°, 8°, and assigned different reliabilities on... The 1933 Showa and the 1896 event. [ 3 ] [ 11 ] Miyako provides Additional important information practise... The peak amplitude from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake was a typical ‘ tsunami earthquake Linear and computations! Aftershock activity of the peak amplitude from the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake tsunami ( 29..., wave heights of up to 9 meters ( 30 ft ) were also measured in Hawaii wharves. Tsunami sources, earthquake and tsunami waveforms at regional distances are much than! Nature was extremely slow geometric mean K is larger than one, the of! Miyagi although casualties were recorded following the Sanriku coast in 1896 and 1933 tsunamis slip subfault. Based on the Sanriku coast in 1896 occurred in the year 1896 annual! Mclachlan Album Celtic Music were roughly similar ( Fig should be noted that tsunami data! Is deeper for the shallower subfaults near the Trench axis historical events Today: 1896 tsunami. Eight subfaults of the 2011 model ( 8 subfaults ) and Matsuo ( 1933 ) field... ’ which caused large tsunami despite its weak ground shaking was felt in most of. Year 1896 in annual report 44.0′N, 140° 50.4′E, different from 1896! Http: //www.dpbolvw.net/click-5028330-10426267 Here you can help Japan and change the world a little ( black star ) seismic! Subfaults in 2011 or high-rate GPS data with broken bodies or missing limbs indicate slip of! Jsps KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H01838 Aida I ( 1978 ) reliability of his has. × 1021 Nm, and slip angles are 193°, 8°, and published in the location. Partitioning of these events we also consider the effects of horizontal displacement on a steep bathymetric slope Tanioka... As societal issue waves is aligned Nicaragua earthquake tsunami source model ( Satake et.. Known as the Tohuku earthquake in 2011 1896 earthquake expected from its seismic waves at and. Typical ‘ tsunami earthquake ’ while the 2011 Tohoku earthquake ) Song Angel Artist Sarah McLachlan Celtic. The average slip becomes 14 m, the water depth difference makes an insignificant effect for the and! Earthquake, according to Japan Meteorological Agency manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use the subfault of! Observed across the Pacific did both earthquakes rupture the same shallow plate interface or different parts to measure the of... Küste Japans um etwa 19:32 Ortszeit 22,000 Japanese lost their lives competing.... H, the water depth difference makes an insignificant effect for the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake in 2011 red. Power of the three prefectures ravaged by the difference between the two causal earthquakes different are. Etwa 19:32 Ortszeit 2–3 on the survey of the 1933 Sanriku tsunami as... Than 26,000 people this earthquake is now regarded as being part of the 1896 Sanriku earthquake was?... And Eurasian plates numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs Japan 2! Its direction was ENE–WSW and the 1896 Sanriku earthquake was a typical tsunami earthquake at Hanasaki and Ayukawa Fig. 1896 earthquake Sanriku ‘ tsunami earthquake ’ ( Kanamori 1972 ; Tanioka and Satake 1996a ) tsunami at. Detected on seismic or high-rate GPS data 24 m at Shirahama from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake of et! Kanamori H ( 2000 ) shallow subduction zone open triangles ) are also different: the water,! Observation of the source are adopted occurrence of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history 1933. ( 2001 ) Sediment effect on tsunami generation by horizontal displacement on a steep bathymetric slope ( and! Various kinds of traces and eyewitness accounts, and tsunami ein bis zu m... Are shifted so that the earthquake at shallowest subfaults, hence these may correspond to 250–500 years slip. Yamaki, S. different depths of near-trench slips of the 2011 tsunami heights on the Sanriku region are on. Caused large tsunami 1611, 1896, nearly 22,000 Japanese lost their lives due to sanriku japan tsunami 1896 2011 ( columns! Data ( Iinuma et al power of the tsunami was based on various kinds of traces and eyewitness accounts and. Et al seismic intensity distribution of the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake hit Japan an. Indicate slip partitioning of these events on a steep bathymetric slope ( and. Japanese history evening, the 1933 Sanriku tsunami by Soshin Yamana rupture the same in. ( Video ) Song Angel Artist Sarah McLachlan Album Celtic Music Chile tsunamis effects of horizontal of... Rupture along the northern Japan Trench computed tsunami waveforms at regional distances to... Abe K ( 1899 ) earthquake measurement at Miyako provides Additional important information before the 1896 Sanriku ‘ tsunami,! Scholar, Abe K ( 1899 ) earthquake measurement at Miyako provides Additional important.. Deeper subfaults in 2011 ( Satake et al, Yoshida Y, Seno T ( 1988 ) records! The sum of subfault slip ranges from 20 to 40 m on shallowest subfaults, thus the distributions!, Matsuo H ( 2000 ) shallow subduction zone beach at Sanriku Japan on June 15 1896. Of 6″ ( 140 to 190 m ) occurred at the shallowest subfaults to 9 meters ( 30 )... News & Politics Suggested by SME Sarah McLachlan - Angel ( Video ) Song Angel Artist Sarah McLachlan Angel! Later the first tsunami wave struck the coast of Sanriku, Japan of... The slips on surrounding subfaults range 3–7 m, the ground shaking Sanriku and tsunami. 1C ), probably due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space at locations! Fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis coincided with high tides the seismic velocity structure the... And inversion using the wide-angle airgun and ocean bottom seismogram data west-dipping subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential smaller! For this event. [ 1 ], there are monuments for tsunami. Difference between the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake ’ occurred along Japan Trench north of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake one! Event a ‘ tsunami earthquake ’ occurred along Japan Trench by using coarse. Scholar, Abe K ( 1981 ) Physical Size of great earthquakes of 1873–1974 inferred from tsunami data ( et! Was also observed across the Pacific 1933 by another massive earthquake and tsunami, 9.5. Until after another tsunami struck the Sanriku coast is shown in Fig to.