Indium is a chemical element with atomic number 49 which means there are 49 protons in its nucleus.Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z.The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. [22] In2O3 adopts a structure like alumina and is amphoteric, that is able to react with both acids and bases. Again like the related aluminium compound, InF3 is polymeric. This is a chart of the most common charges for atoms of the chemical elements. During the roast-leach-electrowinning process of zinc smelting, indium accumulates in the iron-rich residues. 87. be. [15] While the energy required to include the s-electrons in chemical bonding is lowest for indium among the group 13 metals, bond energies decrease down the group so that by indium, the energy released in forming two additional bonds and attaining the +3 state is not always enough to outweigh the energy needed to involve the 5s-electrons. [79], People can be exposed to indium in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. [35][36][37][38], Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1864. Indium is a chemical element with atomic number 49 which means there are 49 protons and 49 electrons in the atomic structure.The chemical symbol for Indium is In. It was the first known organoindium(I) compound,[31] and is polymeric, consisting of zigzag chains of alternating indium atoms and cyclopentadienyl complexes. Thus, although thallium(III) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent, indium(III) is not, and many indium(I) compounds are powerful reducing agents. In a compound or simple ion: group 1 metals are always +1, group 2 metals are always +2. [71] In nuclear engineering, the (n,n') reactions of 113In and 115In are used to determine magnitudes of neutron fluxes. [69] Indium is added to some dental amalgam alloys to decrease the surface tension of the mercury and allow for less mercury and easier amalgamation. This is similar to the crustal abundance of silver, bismuth and mercury. Indium sulfide (In2S3) UNII-N0U96UKW4A. Our indium page has over 210 facts that span 92 different quantities. 19. rb + rubidium. [62] Indium tin oxide is used as a light filter in low-pressure sodium-vapor lamps. [15] Indium is rather basic in aqueous solution, showing only slight amphoteric characteristics, and unlike its lighter homologs aluminium and gallium, it is insoluble in aqueous alkaline solutions. In many cases, elements that belong to the same group (vertical column) on the periodic table form ions with the same charge because they have the same number of valence electrons. The formulae of indium(II) ion and Indium(III) ion are In²⁺ and In³⁺ respectively. [16] Indium(I) oxide and hydroxide are more basic and indium(III) oxide and hydroxide are more acidic. 3+ indium : Ag+ silver memorize Zn2+ zinc (memorize) Monatomic Cations (multiple oxidation state) Name (Roman numeral gives the positive charge!) Some indium compounds, such as indium antimonide and indium phosphide,[63] are semiconductors with useful properties: one precursor is usually trimethylindium (TMI), which is also used as the semiconductor dopant in II–VI compound semiconductors. In the 1950s, tiny beads of indium were used for the emitters and collectors of PNP alloy-junction transistors. Indium(III) oxide, In2O3, forms when indium metal is burned in air or when the hydroxide or nitrate is heated. 2. It does not form a boride, silicide, or carbide, and the hydride InH3 has at best a transitory existence in ethereal solutions at low temperatures, being unstable enough to spontaneously polymerize without coordination. They dissolved the minerals pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and sphalerite in hydrochloric acid and distilled raw zinc chloride. technology and price). The chemical symbol for Indium is In. Indium sulphide. Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC): Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) = 0.23 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.42): Boiling Pt (deg C): 482.98 (Adapted Stein & Brown method) Melting Pt (deg C): 188.60 (Mean or Weighted MP) VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 4.24E-009 (Modified Grain … Predicted data is generated using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s EPISuite™. InChI=1S/In/q+3 Because that blue line did not match any known element, they hypothesized a new element was present in the minerals. Fig. Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Re… It is a silvery-white metal that resembles tin in appearance. Indium has no biological role, though its compounds are toxic when injected into the bloodstream. Aluminum, a member of the IIIA family, loses three electrons to form a 3+ cation. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. In order to investigate the influence of ionic interactions between indium and germanium, membrane experiments with binary salt mixtures of indium and germanium were performed. It is also the most available soluble derivative of indium. Indium, according to one source, might just be the “miracle mineral” we’ve been looking for. He stated that the electronic configuration of … [75] Radioactive indium-111 (in very small amounts on a chemical basis) is used in nuclear medicine tests, as a radiotracer to follow the movement of labeled proteins and white blood cells in the body. This salt is a white, flaky solid with applications in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid. It may also be recovered directly from the process solutions. 2+ beryllium. The mea- surements are typically reproducible to with 0.5%. [12] Indium displays a ductile viscoplastic response, found to be size-independent in tension and compression. You can use this chart to predict whether or not an atom can bond with another atom.The charge on an atom is related to its valence electrons or oxidation state.An atom of an element is most stable when its outer electron shell is completely filled or half-filled. by the Graedel group at Yale in their criticality assessments,[50] explaining the paradoxically low depletion times some studies cite. [42][43], Indium is the 68th most abundant element in Earth's crust at approximately 50 ppb. [39] An ingot of 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) was presented at the World Fair 1867. Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100081 China . [47] Minor amounts are probably also extracted from sulfidic copper ores. In this article, we discuss the origin of an optical effect in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cathodes, which depends on the electrical charge transferred into the battery. The chloride, bromide, and iodide are deeply colored, unlike the parent trihalides from which they are prepared. An accel‐decel electrode extraction system is used to increase the ion current capability of the source. Reich began to suspect that thi… 11. k + potassium. Indium has 49 electrons, with an electronic configuration of [Kr]4d105s25p1. accurate depth information (for indium thin films) with Ar+ ion profiling, it is essential to have reliable sputtering yields for the In metal. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely-charged ions (positive and negative ions) arranged in a three-dimensional giant crystal lattice. The average indium price in 2016 was US$240/kg, down from US$705/kg in 2014.[56]. Ion Charge for In (Indium) Close. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. Both of the ions are made from a single atom, and thus they are not polyatomic. [53], Indium wire is used as a vacuum seal and a thermal conductor in cryogenics and ultra-high-vacuum applications, in such manufacturing applications as gaskets that deform to fill gaps. The charge-ordered Cs 2 In(I)In(III)Cl 6 (In +:In 3+ = 1:1) single crystals were synthesized using a traditional solid-state reaction method. Figure 2. N0U96UKW4A. Thallium (indium's heavier homolog) shows an even stronger effect, causing oxidation to thallium(I) to be more probable than to thallium(III),[14] whereas gallium (indium's lighter homolog) commonly shows only the +3 oxidation state. The indium (II) ion and indium (III) ion... have charges of 2+ and 3+ respectively. Indium has a low melting point for metals and above its melting point it ignites burning with a violet flame. Indium is the softest metal that is not an alkali metal. Insoluble in alcohols Alfa Aesar 39752, 42229 [70], Indium's high neutron-capture cross-section for thermal neutrons makes it suitable for use in control rods for nuclear reactors, typically in an alloy of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium. The most important oxidation state of indium is III. The indium films (106 nm) were deposited on SiO 2 He saw a straw colored solid appear. Indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. [60][61], Indium(III) oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) are used as a transparent conductive coating on glass substrates in electroluminescent panels. The hydrated In 3 + is coordinated with six water molecules with a bond distance In-OH 2 of 2.15 ± 0.03 Å and therefore exists as octahedral complex [In (H 2 O) 6] 3 +.For the following consideration it is simplified and expressed in terms of In 3 +.At ambient temperature, In 3 + is most likely predominant at pH less than 4. 2005-08-08. Indium - 49 In Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. Diindium trisulphide [73], Indium has no metabolic role in any organism. All Group 16 nonmetals gain two electrons to form an ion with a 2- charge f. All Group 15 nonmetals gain three electrons to form an ion with a 3- charge Notice that cations keep their name (sodium ion, calcium ion) while anions get an “-ide” ending (chloride ion, oxide ion). [58], In 1924, indium was found to have a valued property of stabilizing non-ferrous metals, and that became the first significant use for the element. Which of the following is not isoelectronic with the others? [11] Indium has greater solubility in liquid mercury than any other metal (more than 50 mass percent of indium at 0 °C). Electron configuration of indium cation. Fewer than 10 indium minerals such as roquesite (CuInS2) are known, and none occur at sufficient concentrations for economic extraction. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Indium nitride is readily attacked by acids and alkalis. Archived. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Previous question Next question Get more help from Chegg. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. Which one of the following elements can form ions with more than one possible charge in an ionic compound? Indium, according to one source, might just be the “miracle mineral” we’ve been looking for. Hence, 1 and 3 are false, while 4 is true. In (all spectra) 49 Data Rows Found D. +4. [38], Indium is created by the long-lasting (up to thousands of years) s-process (slow neutron capture) in low-to-medium-mass stars (range in mass between 0.6 and 10 solar masses). Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust. Indium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula In Cl 3. In some cases, the pair of 5s-electrons are not donated, resulting in indium(I), In+. Feel the euphoria Indium can bring! All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 5 hours. The sum of the oxidation numbers for an ion is equal to the net charge on the ion. Which indicates that the charge is +3. China is a leading producer of indium (290 tonnes in 2016), followed by South Korea (195 t), Japan (70 t) and Canada (65 t). Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement. [33][34], In 1863, the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter were testing ores from the mines around Freiberg, Saxony. The melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are high. [47] These figures are significantly greater than current production (655 t in 2016). In this paper we show that indium diffusion strongly depends on the way annealing is done after ion implantation. Indium is considered a technology-critical element. Below the critical temperature, 3.41 K, indium becomes a superconductor. Indium is a chemical element with atomic number 49 which means there are 49 protons in its nucleus. [20] Indium-115 makes up 95.7% of all indium. Gi Hwan Chang, Han Ul Choi, Sung Kang, Jun-Young Park, Hyung-Tae Lim, Characterization of limiting factors of an all-solid-state Li-ion battery using an embedded indium reference electrode, Ionics, 10.1007/s11581-019-03367-w, (2019). onboard these spacecraft use liquid metal ion sources with indium as the charge material. [7] It is so soft (Mohs hardness 1.2) that like sodium, it can be cut with a knife. Indium was isolated the next year. Indium reacts with water to reproduce soluble indium(III) hydroxide, which is also amphoteric; with alkalis to produce indates(III); and with acids to produce indium(III) salts: The analogous sesquichalcogenides with sulfur, selenium, and tellurium are also known. Hence it is slightly more abundant than silver or mercury. Many of them slowly decompose in moist air, necessitating careful storage of semiconductor compounds to prevent contact with the atmosphere. [44], Different estimates exist of the amounts of indium contained within the ores of other metals. [40] Reich and Richter later fell out when the latter claimed to be the sole discoverer. Shipping times may be delayed due to COVID-19. Ionic radius (1+ ion) – Ionic radius (2+ ion) – Ionic radius (3+ ion) 94 pm : Ionic radius (1- ion) – Ionic radius (2- ion) – Ionic radius (3- ion) – Thermal conductivity : 81.8 W m-1 K-1: Electrical conductivity : 3.4 x 10 6 S m-1: Freezing/Melting point: 156.6 o C, 429.8 K : A bar of indium metal and a penny. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties. [53], Indium is one of many substitutes for mercury in alkaline batteries to prevent the zinc from corroding and releasing hydrogen gas. Viewed 6k times 3 $\begingroup$ Just had a lecture there where the lecturer was doing revision on electronic configuration. In this study, the argonion sputtering yields of indium films are reported for a range of low ion beam energies (0.5–4.0 keV). Have charges of 2+ and 3+ What is the charge of the indium ion that has the [Kr]4d^{10}^ 10 electron configuration? It is a silvery-white metal that resembles tin in appearance. [6] Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods. You can often determine the charge an ion normally has by the element’s position on the periodic table: The alkali metals (the IA elements) lose a single electron to form a cation with a 1+ charge. [77][78] Indium compounds are mostly not absorbed upon ingestion and are only moderately absorbed on inhalation; they tend to be stored temporarily in the muscles, skin, and bones before being excreted, and the biological half-life of indium is about two weeks in humans. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust. [8] It is a member of group 13 on the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between its vertical neighbours gallium and thallium. Most occupational exposure is through ingestion, from which indium compounds are not absorbed well, and inhalation, from which they are moderately absorbed. The indium(II) ion and indium(III) ion have charges of 2+ and 3+, respectively Which one of the following elements can form ions with more than one possible charge in an ionic compound? If you know that a sufate ion is SO 4 2-then to get the formula for hydrogen sulfate ion, you add a hydrogen ion to the front of the formula. 1 Structures Expand this section. [28] Several other compounds are known to combine indium(I) and indium(III), such as InI6(InIIICl6)Cl3,[29] InI5(InIIIBr4)2(InIIIBr6),[30] InIInIIIBr4. The infrared radiation is reflected back into the lamp, which increases the temperature within the tube and improves the performance of the lamp. The compounds are Lewis acids, somewhat akin to the better known aluminium trihalides. The stabilization of the monovalent state is attributed to the inert pair effect, in which relativistic effects stabilize the 5s-orbital, observed in heavier elements. There is a marked tendency for two of the outer electrons of the indium atom (the outer 5 s2 electrons) not to be used in bonding; this circumstance results in singly charged indium compounds. [27], Organoindium compounds feature In–C bonds. [21], The stablest artificial isotope is indium-111, with a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. 55. fr + francium. Electron Configuration Ziheng Wang. It is possible to calculate the partial ionic charge on the various oxides of silver and indium. Results and Discussion. The primary consumption of indium worldwide is LCD production. An ion source that utilizes a continuously oxygenated porous tungsten surface to generate indium ions is described. [55] Thus, major future increases in the by-product production of indium will be possible without significant increases in production costs or price. We also produce Indium Nitrate Solution. Dr. Doug Stewart. 37. cs + cesium. Electron configuration of Indium is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. [61], Indium has many semiconductor-related applications. 3 Chemical and Physical Properties Expand this section. [75] Indium tin oxide and indium phosphide harm the pulmonary and immune systems, predominantly through ionic indium,[76] though hydrated indium oxide is more than forty times as toxic when injected, measured by the quantity of indium introduced. [45][46] From these, it can be extracted as a by-product during smelting. N0U96UKW4A. Indium thin films were evaluated as an anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries (theoretical capacities of 1012 mAh g 1 for Li and 467 mAh g 1 for Na). [47] While the enrichment of indium in these deposits is high relative to its crustal abundance, it is insufficient, at current prices, to support extraction of indium as the main product. In order to investigate the different role of kinetic and potential projectile energy for secondary ion formation, the authors have measured the ionization probability of indium atoms sputtered from a clean indium surface under irradiation with rare gas (Xe q +) ions of different charge states q at the same kinetic impact energy of 20 keV. ... Halide is known to form a complex with an indium ion. Selected bond lengths and angles are summarized in Table 1. Capturing further neutrons, it becomes cadmium-115, which decays to indium-115 by another beta decay. References. For a typical synthesis, an equivalent molar ratio of InCl 3 and InCl was mixed together with 2 equivalent amounts of CsCl, all of which were ground carefully in an Ar glovebox. Thus, the availability of indium is fundamentally determined by the rate at which these ores are extracted, and not their absolute amount. Quantity Indium Crystal Structure Notes; Nearest Neighbor Distance: 300 K, 1 atm: 325 pm. They named the element indium, from the indigo color seen in its spectrum, after the Latin indicum, meaning 'of India'. Some Spectroscopic Studies", "The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources - Implications for global availability (PDF Download Available)", "Mineral Commodities Summary 2007: Indium", "Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family", U.S. Geological Survey – Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, "Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States", "Indium Price Supported by LCD Demand and New Uses for the Metal", "Image Detectors for Other Neutron Energies", "Factors Affecting the Toxicity of the Element Indium", "Macrophage Solubilization and Cytotoxicity of Indium-Containing Particles as in vitro Correlates to Pulmonary Toxicity in vivo", "Newly Recognized Occupational and Environmental Causes of Chronic Terminal Airways and Parenchymal Lung Disease", "CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Indium", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indium&oldid=995004128, Articles with dead external links from April 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 18:00. Ion Charge for In (Indium) I have to fill in the blanks for the element In. Like both, indium has a low melting point, 156.60 °C (313.88 °F); higher than its lighter homologue, gallium, but lower than its heavier homologue, thallium, and lower than tin. He had intended to investigate whether zinc sulfide ore (sphalerite) also contained thallium. Reaction of indium with the formula in Cl 3 Lewis acids, somewhat akin the. Malleable metal with a knife update ], Richter went on to the. Figures are significantly greater than current production ( 655 t in 2016 ) produced mainly from residues generated during ore... ) oxide black powder is produced as a byproduct of zinc smelting, indium forms compounds oxidation... Done after ion implantation current capability of the Earth 's crust 'of India ' Reich! Semiconductors InGaN and InGaP are used in light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) and laser.. Always +2 surface to generate indium ions is described process varies with the others of. 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